The 14th Edition of Introduction to Logic, written by Copi, Cohen & McMahon, is dedicated to the many thousands of students and their teachers - at hundreds of universities in the United States and around the world - who have used its fundamental methods and techniques of correct reasoning in their everyday lives.     To those who have not previously used or reviewed Introduction to Logic we extend the very warmest welcome.  Please join us and our international family of users!  Let us help you teach students the methods and principles needed in order to distinguish correct from incorrect reasoning.    For, Introduction to Logic is a proven textbook that has been honed through the collaborative efforts of many scholars over the last five decades.  Its scrupulous attention to detail and precision in exposition and explanation is matched by the greatest accuracy in all associated detail.  In addition, it continues to capture student interest through its personalized human setting and current examples.

Table of Contents:
Foreward Preface Acknowledgments   PART I  LOGIC AND LAGUAGE   SECTION A  REASONING   Chapter 1     Basic Logical Concepts 1.1 What Logic Is 1.2 Propositions and Arguments 1.3 Recognizing Arguments 1.4 Arguments and Explanations 1.5 Deductive and Inductive Arguments 1.6 Validity and Truth   Chapter 2    Analyzing Arguments 2.1 Paraphrasing Arguments 2.2 Diagramming Arguments 2.3 Complex Argumentative Passages 2.4 Problems in Reasoning   SECTION B INFORMAL LOGIC   Chapter 3    Language and Definitions 3.1 Language Functions 3.2 Emotive Language, Neutral Language, and Disputes 3.3 Disputes and Ambiguity 3.4 Definitions and Their Uses 3.5 The Structure of Definitions: Extension and Intension 3.6 Definition by Genus and Difference   Chapter 4      Fallacies 4.1 What Is a Fallacy? 4.2 Classification of Fallacies 4.3 Fallacies of Relevance 4.4 Fallacies of Defective Induction 4.5 Fallacies of Presumption 4.6 Fallacies of Ambiguity   Part II  Deduction   Section A    Classical Logic   Chapter 5      Categorical Propositions 5.1 The Theory of Deduction 5.2 Classes and Categorical Propositions 5.3 The Four Kinds of Categorical Propositions 5.4 Quality, Quantity, and Distribution 5.5 The Traditional Square of Opposition 5.6 Further Immediate Inferences 5.7 Existential Import and the Interpretation of Categorical Propositions 5.8 Symbolism and Diagrams for Categorical Propositions   Chapter 6      Categorical Syllogisms 6.1 Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms 6.2 The Formal Nature of Syllogistic Argument 6.3 Venn Diagram Technique for Testing Syllogisms 6.4 Syllogistic Rules and Syllogistic Fallacies 6.5 Exposition of the Fifteen Valid Forms of the Categorical Syllogism Appendix: Deduction of the Fifteen Valid Forms of the Categorical Syllogism   Chapter 7      Syllogisms in Ordinary Language 7.1 Syllogistic Arguments 7.2 Reducing the Number of Terms to Three 7.3 Translating Categorical Propositions into Standard Form 7.4 Uniform Translation 7.5 Enthymemes 7.6 Sorites 7.7 Disjunctive and Hypothetical Syllogisms 7.8 The Dilemma   Section B    Modern Logic   Chapter 8      Symbolic Logic 8.1 Modern Logic and Its Symbolic Language 8.2 The Symbols for Conjunction, Negation, and Disjunction 8.3 Conditional Statements and Material Implication 8.4 Argument Forms and Refutation by Logical Analogy 8.5 The Precise Meaning of “Invalid” and “Valid” 8.6 Testing Argument Validity Using Truth Tables 8.7 Some Common Argument Forms 8. 8 Statement Forms and Material Equivalence 8.9 Logical Equivalence 8.10 The Three “Laws of Thought”   Chapter 9      Methods of Deduction 9.1  Formal Proof of Validity 9.2  The Elementary Valid Argument Forms 9.3  Formal Proofs of Validity Exhibited 9.4  Constructing Formal Proofs of Validity 9.5  Constructing More Extended Formal Proofs 9.6  Expanding the Rules of Inference: Replacement Rules 9.7  The System of Natural Deduction 9.8  Constructing Formal Proofs Using the Nineteen Rules of Inference 9.9  Proof of Invalidity 9.10 Inconsistency 9.11 Indirect Proof of Validity 9.12 Shorter Truth-Table Technique   Chapter 10     Quantification Theory 10.1 The Need for Quantification 10.2 Singular Propositions 10.3 Universal and Existential Quantifiers 10.4 Traditional Subject—Predicate Propositions 10.5 Proving Validity 10.6 Proving Invalidity 10.7 Asyllogistic Inference   Part III  Induction   Section A    Analogy and Causation   Chapter 11       Analogical Reasoning 11.1 Induction and Deduction Revisited 11.2 Argument by Analogy 11.3 Appraising Analogical Arguments 11.4 Refutation by Logical Analogy   Chapter 12     Causal Reasoning 12.1  Cause and Effect 12.2  Causal Laws and the Uniformity of Nature 12.3  Induction by Simple Enumeration 12.4  Methods of Causal Analysis 12.5  Limitations of Inductive Techniques   Section B    Science and Probability   Chapter 13       Science and Hypothesis 13.1 Scientific Explanation 13.2 Scientific Inquiry: Hypothesis and Confirmation 13.3 Evaluating Scientific Explanations 13.4 Classification as Hypothesis   Chapter 14     Probability 14.1     Alternative Conceptions of Probability 14.2     The Probability Calculus 14.3     Probability in Everyday Life   Appendix   Solutions to Selected Exercises   Glossary/Index