Written by a renowned expert in the field, this book presents the fundamentals of phased array systems, including contemporary and advanced methods. It features applications ranging from advanced and commercial radars to remote sensing, and multiple channel communications. You will find detailed coverage of fields and waves analysis, domain analysis, fundamentals of array theory, far field synthesis, Floquet theory, aperture weighting functions, impedance and mutual coupling theory, and many other technical applications in system design. The book helps you understand array fundamentals that can be realized by analog, digital or hybrid beamforming methods, reflecting perceived trends in the industry. You’ll also benefit from numerous practice cases, with examples and illustrations to sharpen your understanding. The book leads readers through practical observations, analysis, and design methods that equip both entry-level and experienced engineers with the basic information to solve today’s problems and be in position to take on next-generation engineering and scientific challenges.

Table of Contents:
1.0 Introduction to Phased Arrays 1.1 Phased Array History and Perspective 1.2 Fundamentals of Wave Propagation: The Wave Equation 1.2.1 Boundary Condition Cases 1.2.1.1 Standing Waves 1.2.1.2 Surface Waves and Scan Loss 1.2.1.3 Scan-Dependent Surface Impedance 1.3 Array Antennas 1.4 Aperture State Fundamentals 1.4.1 General Aperture State Relationships 1.4.2 Radiation Integrals for Circular Apertures 1.5 Array Far field Fundamentals 1.6 Frequency-Time Domains 1.6.1 Frequency-Time Domains: Fast Fourier Transform   2.1 Array Far Field Radiation 2.2 Array Far Field Fundamental Observations 2.3 General Array Theory 2.4 Two-Element Arrays 2.5 Linear Arrays 2.5.1 Linear Arrays in Sine Space 2.5.2 Linear Array Aperture Projection 2.6 Planar Arrays 2.6.1 Planar Arrays with No Real Space Grating Lobes 2.6.2 Planar Arrays with Real Space Grating Lobes 2.7 Conformal Arrays 2.7.1 Radius of Curvature Embedded Element Geometry 2.7.2 Conformal Array Phase Alignment 2.7.3 Eclipsed Elements in Conformal Arrays   3.1 Lattice Theory 3.2 Floquet’s Theorem 3.2.1 Phased array Surface Wave Condition 3.2.2 Phased Array Scan Volume 3.3 Lattice Theory 3.3.1 Rectangular Lattice 3.3.2 Equilateral Triangular Lattice 3.3.3 Isosceles Triangular Lattice 3.4 Reordered Lattice Theory 3.4.1 Ring Lattice 3.4.2 Spiral Lattice 3.5 Finite Array and Surface Wave Effects   4.1 Array Fundamentals: Supporting Theories I 4.2 Radiating Aperture Fundamentals, Three Domains 4.3 Array Architecture 4.3.1 Case 1: Hybrid Beamformed, Single Polarization 4.3.2 Case 2: Analog Beamformed, Dual Simultaneous Polarization 4.4 Practical Limits 4.4.1 Theorem of Reciprocity 4.4.2 Conservation of Energy 4.4.3 Superposition 4.4.4 Duality Theorem 4.5 Near- and Far-Fields 4.5.1 The Far Field Criterion 4.5.2 Array Reactive and Near Fields 4.6 Rotational Transforms 4.6.1 Coordinate Frames 4.6.2 Sine Space 4.6.3 Rotated Coordinate Frames 4.6.4 Inverted Rotated Coordinate Frames   5.1 Array Fundamentals: Supporting Theories II 5.2 Radiated Gain 5.3 Polarization Domain 5.3.1 Polarization Transforms 5.3.2 Stokes Parameters 5.3.3 Polarization Isolation 5.3.4 Cross-Polarization 5.3.5 Scan Dependent Polarization Properties 5.3.6 Polarization Compensation 5.4 Phased Array Noise Temperature 5.4.1 Antenna Noise Sources 5.4.2 Noise Wave Theory   6.1 Phased Array Radiating Elements 6.2 Single Element Dipole Over Ground Plane Radiators 6.2.1 Dipole Boundary Conditions 6.2.2 Dipole Radiation 6.3 Single Element Waveguide Radiators 6.3.1 Rectangular Waveguide 6.3.2 Circular Waveguide 6.3.3 Circular Waveguide Radiator 6.4 Single Element Patch Radiators 6.4.1 Square Patch Boundary Conditions 6.4.2 Square Patch Design Methods 6.4.3 Square Patch Radiation 6.4.4 Circular Patch Boundary Conditions 6.4.5 Circular Patch Radiation   7.1 Active Radiating Elements 7.2 Mutual Coupling and Embedded Elements in Arrays 7.2.1 Active Impedance and Reflection Coefficient 7.2.2 Wide Angle Impedance Matching 7.2.3 Real Space Grating Lobes 7.2.4 Surface Impedance Effects 7.2.5 Embedded Element Gain 7.3 Active Radiating Element Cases 7.4 Active Dipole Over Ground Plane Radiators 7.4.1 Linear Dipole Array 7.4.2 Vee Dipole Array 7.4.3 PUMA Array 7.5 Active Patch Radiators 7.5.1 Balanced Patch Radiator Array 7.5.2 Unbalanced Patch Radiator Array 7.5.3 Balanced Stacked Patch Radiator in a Rectangular Lattice Array   8.1 Far Field Synthesis I 8.2 Fourier Transform Method 8.3 Schelkunoff’s Form 8.4 Canonic Forms 8.5 Truncated Complex Gaussian Forms 8.5.1 Truncated Gaussian Magnitude Aperture Taper 8.5.2 Truncated Gaussian Phase Aperture Taper 8.6 Modified sin(x)/x Distribution   9.1 Far field Array Synthesis, Part II 9.2 Woodward-Lawson Synthesis 9.2.1 Non-Orthogonal Woodward-Lawson Method 9.2.2 Difference Patterns by the Woodward-Lawson Method 9.2.3 WLS Method with Controlled Sidelobes 9.3 Dolph-Chebyshev Synthesis 9.4 Taylor Line Source Synthesis 9.5 Planar 2-Dimensional Array Distributions 9.6 Circular Aperture Distributions 9.6.1 Taylor Circular Array Sources 9.7 Iterative Synthesis Methods 9.8 Maximal Likelihood Estimation   10.1 Stochastic Aperture Errors in Phased Arrays 10.1.1 Stochastic (Random) Errors in Arrays 10.1.2 Average (rms) Far-Field Characteristics 10.1.3 Beam Pointing Error 10.1.4 Peak and rms Sidelobes 10.1.5 Dispersion and its impact on Instantaneous Bandwidth 10.1.6 Polarization Isolation 10.2 Stochastic Error Budgets 10.3 Periodic (Correlated) Array Errors 10.3.1 Element-Level Phase Quantization 10.3.2 Subarray Spatial Effects 10.3.2.1 Subarray Gap Effects 10.3.2.2 Subarray Membrane Effects 10.3.3 Subarray Frequency Domain Effects 10.3.4 Aperture Blockage   11.1 Array Networks 11.1.1 Applied Array Networks 11.1.2 Networked Array Architectures (active, passive, reactive) 11.2 Networked Array Architectures 11.2.1 Linear Array Simultaneous Beams 11.2.2 Two-Dimensional Array Simultaneous Beam Set 11.2.3 Subarrayed Simultaneous Beam Systems 11.2.4 Spatially Randomized Subarrays 11.2.5 Overlapped Subarrays 11.2.6 Rotman lens arrays 11.3 MIMO Arrays   12.1 Array Calibration 12.2 Array Calibration Error Sources 12.3 Bench Calibration Methods 12.4 Far Field Range (NFR) Array Calibration 12.5 Near Field Range (FFR) Array Calibration 12.6 Satellite-Based Array (SATCAL) Calibration 12.7 Quasar-Based Array Calibration