FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS OF COLOUR ENGINEERING EXPERT OVERVIEW OF THE WORLD OF COLOUR ENGINEERING IN THE 21ST CENTURY, WITH NEW, UPDATED TECHNOLOGIES AND A MATLAB TOOLBOX Fundamentals and Applications of Colour Engineering provides important coverage on topics that hold the power to extend our knowledge of colour reproduction, such as colour measurement and appearance and the methods used, with additional discussion of the technologies responsible for reproducing colour across a wide range of devices, together with the colour management systems that are used to connect devices and exchange information. Composed of 20 chapters, the Editor and his team of expert contributors consider the new ICC.2 architecture, an approach that introduces an evolutionary step in colour engineering, ensuring wider possibilities for technology. The text also considers the emerging applications for advanced colour management, such as processing spectral data, handling HDR images, and the capture and reproduction of material appearance. The text is supported by a MATLAB toolbox of relevant functions and data. Fundamentals and Applications of Colour Engineering is a useful reference for anyone involved in the reproduction of colour and a strong supplementary course potential for master???s degrees with a colour science component. Fundamentals and Applications of Colour Engineering includes information on: Instruments and methods of colour measurement, colorimetry, and colour difference, and colour appearance Colour spaces and colour encodings, and characterizing input devices, displays and printers Colour gamut communication and imaging standards, high dynamic range imaging, and HDR Sensor adjustment in colour management, open source tools for colour engineering, and colour transform evaluation Supporting active learning with the inclusion of a toolbox of relevant functions and data, Fundamentals and Applications of Colour Engineering is an essential resource for students in relevant programs of study, and for professionals within colour engineering and reproduction looking to maximize their skill set and keep their skills updated.

Table of Contents:
Series Editor's Foreword xvii Preface xix Introductory Notes xxi 1 Instruments and Methods for the Colour Measurements Required in Colour Engineering 1 Danny Rich 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Visual Colorimetry 3 1.3 Analogue Simulation of Visual Colorimetry 7 1.4 Digital Simulation of Visual Colorimetry 12 1.5 Selecting and Using Colorimeters and Spectrocolorimeters 15 1.6 Geometric Requirements for Colour Measurements 18 1.7 Conclusions and Expectations 22 2 Colorimetry and Colour Difference 27 Phil Green 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Colorimetry 27 2.3 Normalization 28 2.4 Colour Matching Functions 29 2.5 Illuminants 29 2.6 Data for Observers and Illuminants 30 2.7 Range and Interval 30 2.8 Calculation of Chromaticity 31 2.9 Calculation of CIE 1976 Uniform Colour Spaces 31 2.10 Inversion of CIELAB Equations 34 2.11 Colour Difference 34 2.12 Problems with Using UCS Colour Difference 35 2.13 Uniformity of the Components of Colour Difference 35 2.14 Viewing Conditions 36 2.15 Surface Characteristics 37 2.16 Acceptability of Colour Differences 37 2.17 Overcoming the Limitations of UCS Colour Difference with Advanced Colour Difference Metrics 37 2.18 CIE94 37 2.19 CIEDE2000 39 2.20 Progress on Colour Difference Metrics since CIEDE2000 41 2.21 3D Colour Difference 41 2.22 Colour Difference in High Luminance Conditions 41 2.23 Colour Difference Formulas Based on Colour Appearance Models 41 2.24 Limitations in the Use of Advanced Colour Difference Metrics in Colour Imaging 42 2.25 Basis Conditions 42 2.26 Colour Difference in Complex Images 43 2.27 Acceptability and Perceptibility 44 2.28 Large vs Small Differences 44 2.29 Deriving Colour Difference Tolerances 44 2.30 Sample Preparation 45 2.31 Psychophysical Experiments 45 2.32 Colour Difference Judgements by Observers with a Colour Vision Deficiency 46 2.33 Calculating Colour Tolerances from Experimental Data 46 2.34 Calculation of Discrimination Ellipsoids and Tolerance Distributions 46 2.34.1 Calculation of Parametric Constants in Weightings Functions 47 2.35 Calculation of Acceptability Thresholds 48 2.36 Evaluating Colour Difference Metrics 48 2.37 Conclusion 48 3 Fundamentals of Device Characterization 53 Phil Green 3.1 Introduction 53 3.2 Characterization Methods 54 3.3 Numerical Models 57 3.4 Look-Up Tables with Interpolation 63 3.5 Evaluating Accuracy -- Training and Test Data 67 4 Characterization of Input Devices 71 Phil Green 4.1 Input Channels 71 4.2 Characterization Goals 72 4.3 Transform Encoding 73 4.4 Dynamic Range 73 4.5 Input Characterization Methods 74 4.5.1 Scanners 74 4.6 Targets 74 4.7 Modelling 74 4.7.1 Digital Cameras 75 4.8 Target-Based Characterization 75 4.9 Targets 75 4.10 Modelling 76 5 Color Processing for Digital Cameras 81 Michael S. Brown 5.1 Introduction 81 5.2 Basics of a Camera Sensor 82 5.3 The Camera Pipeline 83 5.4 Multi-Frame Processing 93 5.5 Towards the Neural ISP 94 5.6 Concluding Remarks 95 6 Display Calibration 99 Catherine Meininger, Tom Lianza, and Grace Annese 6.1 Introduction 99 6.2 From CRT to Contemporary Display Technologies 99 6.3 The Display Never Sleeps... Merging Television and Computer Display Standards 102 6.4 The Evolution of Display Calibration Capabilities 103 6.5 Measurement Set Requirements 111 6.6 Calibration Validation Methodologies 113 6.7 Low Blue Light Developments 114 6.8 Conclusions 117 7 Characterizing Hard Copy Printers 119 Phil Green 7.1 Introduction 119 7.2 Properties of Hard Copy Printers 120 7.3 Substrates and Inks 120 7.4 Colour Gamut 120 7.5 Halftoning 121 7.6 Mechanical Printing Systems 122 7.7 Printing Conditions 122 7.8 Digital Systems 122 7.9 RGB Printers 122 7.10 Test Charts 123 7.11 Printer Models 124 7.12 Block Dye Model 125 7.13 Physical Models 126 7.14 Numerical Models and Look-up Tables 134 7.15 Inverting the Model 137 7.16 Multi-Colour and Spot Colour Characterization 137 7.17 Spectral Characterization 137 7.18 White Ink 138 7.19 Reducing the Frequency of Characterization 138 7.20 Conclusions 138 8 Colour Encodings 143 Phil Green 8.1 Introduction 143 8.2 Colour Encoding Components 143 8.3 Colour Spaces 144 8.4 Device and Colour Space Encodings 144 8.5 Colorimetric Interpretation 144 8.6 Image State 145 8.7 Standard 3-Component Colour Space Encodings 146 8.8 Colour Gamut 146 8.8.1 Extended Colour Gamut 147 8.9 Precision and Range 147 8.9.1 High Dynamic Range 148 8.9.2 Negative Values 149 8.10 Luminance/Chrominance Encodings 149 8.11 Conversion to Colorimetry 150 8.12 Implementation Issues 150 8.13 File Formats 152 9 Colour Gamut Communication 155 Kiran Deshpande 9.1 Introduction 155 9.2 How to Describe Colour Gamuts 157 9.3 How to Obtain a Colour Gamut of a Printing System 162 9.4 How to Obtain a Colour Gamut of a Display 163 9.5 How to Calculate Gamut Volume 163 9.6 How to Analyse Colour Gamuts 164 9.7 How to Visualize Colour Gamuts 167 9.8 How to Communicate Colour Gamuts 171 9.9 Summary 173 10 The ICC Colour Management Architecture 177 Phil Green 10.1 Origins of the ICC 177 10.2 Fundamentals of the ICC Architecture: The PCS, the ICC Profile, Transforms and the CMM 178 10.3 Other CMM Operations 185 10.4 Workflows 187 10.5 Current Status of ICC.1 188 10.6 ICC.2 189 11 iccMAX Color Management -- Philosophy, Overview, and Basics 193 Max Derhak 11.1 Background and Philosophy Leading to iccMAX 193 11.2 Overview 194 11.3 Creating Transforms 207 11.4 Specification Subsets via ICSs 209 11.5 Domain Specific Examples 210 11.6 Getting Started with iccMAX (Where Color Engineering Comes to Play) 212 11.7 Conclusion 213 12 Sensor Adjustment 215 Phil Green 12.1 Introduction 215 12.2 Aims of Sensor Adjustment 215 12.3 Luminance Adjustment 216 12.4 Chromatic Adaptation 218 12.5 Material-Equivalent Adjustment 220 12.6 Local Adaptation 221 12.7 Incomplete Adaptation 222 13 Evaluating Colour Transforms 227 Phil Green 13.1 Introduction 227 13.2 Accuracy 227 13.3 Cost 232 13.4 Subjective Preference 233 14 Appearance Beyond Colour: Gloss and Translucency Perception 239 Davit Gigilashvili and Jean-Baptiste Thomas 14.1 Introduction 239 14.2 Gloss Perception 240 14.3 Translucency Perception 244 14.4 Interaction among Appearance Attributes 248 14.5 Impact on Colour Technologies 250 14.6 Conclusion 252 15 Colour Management of Material Appearance 259 Tanzima Habib 15.1 Introduction 259 15.2 Material Appearance Modelling 260 15.3 Appearance Support in Colour Management 263 15.4 A Colour Management Workflow for Material Appearance 264 15.5 Conclusion 269 16 Color on the Web 271 Chris Lilley 16.1 Early History 271 16.2 Color on the Legacy Web 272 16.3 Wide Color Gamut (WCG) Comes to the Web 277 16.4 Color on the Wide Gamut Web 281 16.5 HDR Comes to the Web 286 17 High Dynamic Range Imaging 293 Mekides Assefa Abebe 17.1 Introduction and Background 293 17.2 High Dynamic Range Imaging 296 17.3 Conclusion 308 18 HDR and Wide Color Gamut Display Technologies and Considerations 311 Timo Kunkel and Ajit Ninan 18.1 Introduction 311 18.2 Early HDR Display Systems 312 18.3 Transmissive Displays 313 18.4 Emissive Displays 317 18.5 Projection Systems 319 18.6 Reflective Displays 320 18.7 Achieving Wide Color Gamuts 321 18.8 Spatial Display Properties 326 18.9 Temporal Display Properties 327 18.10 Signaling 328 18.11 Characterization and Calibration 330 18.12 Ambient Effects 330 18.13 Conclusion 332 19 Colour in AR and VR 335 Michael J. Murdoch 19.1 Introduction 335 19.2 Colour Synthesis in AR and VR Displays 337 19.3 Colour Appearance in AR and VR 342 19.4 Colour Imaging and Graphics in AR and VR 350 19.5 Conclusion 351 20 Colour Engineering Toolbox and Other Open Source Tools 355 Phil Green 20.1 Colour Engineering Toolbox 2.0 355 20.2 Polar Calculations 357 20.3 Media-Relative and PCS Scaling 357 20.4 DemoIccMax 360 20.5 Color.js 360 20.6 Little CMS 360 20.7 Argyll 361 20.8 Colour 361 References 361 Index 363